cognitive neuroscience – languagesciencey

Traces of a Lost Language

TYG — Wed, 12 Aug 2026 17:56:14 +0000

The language you were born into may remain embedded in your neural architecture long after you’ve disassociated with it. Not everyone will undergo this linguistic dissociation; some continue using their parents’ language, naturally adopting it as their own as they remain in an environment that empowers its use. Others, however, may organically distance themselves from its roots. This is not always a dramatic divorce, but one of subtle erosion following environmental or cultural shifts (such as immigrating to another country at a young age or entering a school system whose primary language differs from the original mother tongue). Yet, the roots echo in the neurological substrate.

Seeing the birth language’s impact

Barbeau et al. (2025) used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the enduring effects of a birth language on the white matter of the brain. They found that international adoptees from China who grew up in a French-language environment in the first two years of their life still showed a neural architecture reflecting their Chinese birth language. This neural architecture persisted even though they did not speak nor use the birth language in the present day. These participants were categorized as monolingual French speakers, but the language regions of their brains showed white matter connections that were more similar to Mandarin-first-language (Mandarin L1) speakers than French-first-language speakers (French L1). This retention of specific white matter tract patterns may be due to the tonality of the birth language (Mandarin), rather than it simply being a different first language (Barbeau et al., 2025).

How early can a language impact one’s brain?

More research needs to be done to see whether different birth languages, not just tonal ones, yield similar artefacts in the neural architecture. The impact of a language may even begin to build inside the womb, before birth. Listening to a language as a fetus may influence the brain’s speech processing patterns immediately after birth (René et al., 2025), so the imprints of a pre-birth language may enhance or counter those of the birth language.

And after birth?

Disregarding the graphic picture this phrasing evokes, the impact of languages after birth continues to be a source of fascination as researchers ponder the pliability of the critical period of language learning and the boundless potential of learning languages across ages. Youth may confer easy cognitive flexibility, but research may uncover how aging cognitive networks could forge a similar flourish.

References

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08954-4

Barbeau, E. B., Pierce, L., Deschamps, S., Kousaie, S., Gilbert, A., Chen, J. K., Baum, S., & Klein, D. (2025). Early but discontinued exposure to a language exerts lasting effects on white matter architecture in the brain. Communications biology, 8(1), 1575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-08954-4

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08594-8

René, A., Caron-Desrochers, L., Tremblay, J. et al. Prenatal linguistic exposure shapes language brain responses at birth. Commun Biol 8, 1155 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-08594-8

For more info on critical period of language learning and language learning as we age:

https://news.mit.edu/2018/cognitive-scientists-define-critical-period-learning-language-0501

https://theconversation.com/your-age-shouldnt-put-you-off-learning-a-new-language-what-the-research-says-263581

Multilingualism’s benefits may hinge upon one’s language diversity and education

TYG — Thu, 22 Jan 2026 23:01:53 +0000

By now, we’ve heard much about multilingualism’s mass appeal for both mind and market value alike (apologies for sounding too gauche, but isn’t that what the curriculum vitae is all about?). It’s no surprise to see that speaking more than one language may have significant benefits on our cognition as we age (Amoruso et al., 2025; Bialystok, 2021). The types of languages themselves, however, may also have an impact on our cognition.

A study of language and cognition in older adults using a national survey

Petrosyan et al. (2025) studied this impact with a sample of 4088 older Indian adults ages 60 or over, which included around half without formal schooling (54%). This sample was procured from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India – Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia, which is a subset of a national survey representing 40 different languages and dialects. Two main findings from this study were:

Multilingualism was associated with better cognitive function across all studied domains among those with education; the relatedness between languages was not a factor here
Among those without education, however, multilingual adults who spoke related languages had better executive function compared to monolinguals

In this study, we see that language diversity and education may both affect cognitive functioning among older adults. What does this mean for multilingual benefits? It may mean relatedness of languages spoken by the multilingual speaker may affect how the brain organizes, retrieves, and processes information. Through the study’s analysis, teasing apart the differences between those with and without education revealed a sort of cost-benefit model of speaking related vs unrelated languages; based on their finding, speaking unrelated languages did not confer better executive function for those in the non-education group. The authors point out that those in the non-education group may have reduced resource access and may use related languages more often than unrelated ones since related languages are present in similar geographical areas (Petrosyan et al., 2025). From this we can see that:

Education levels may also indicate resource availability (Petrosyan et al., 2025), not only skill/knowledge acquisition levels
Related languages may be found in related geographical areas (i.e., languages spoken become more different as geographic distances increase; Huisman et al., 2019)
More use of languages (as may have been the case in related languages) may confer clearer cognitive benefits than less-used languages

So, is multilingualism helpful or… ?

This brings us to question of what multilingualism is. Is multilingualism defined simply by the languages known or also by its language diversity, or even its proficiency? Defining multilingualism does not appear consistent among multilingual studies, making it prudent to parse out its variations to understand its truer effects on our thinking. Multilingualism may indeed keep our cognitive control with age, but its caress may come with caveats.

References

Amoruso, L., Hernandez, H., Santamaria-Garcia, H., Moguilner, S., Legaz, A., Prado, P., Cuadros, J., Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Gomez, R., Migeot, J., Coronel-Oliveros, C., Cruzat, J., Carreiras, M., Medel, V., Maito, M. A., Duran-Aniotz, C., Tagliazucchi, E., Baez, S., García, A. M., & Ibanez, A. (2025). Multilingualism protects against accelerated aging in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 27 European countries. Nature aging, 5(11), 2340–2354. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-01000-2

Bialystok, E. (2021). Cognitive Implications of Bilingualism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.763

Huisman, J. L. A., Majid, A., & van Hout, R. (2019). The geographical configuration of a language area influences linguistic diversity. PloS one, 14(6), e0217363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217363

Petrosyan, S., Strangmann, I. M., Nichols, E., Meijer, E., Briceño, E. M., Narayanan, S., Lee, J., & Arce Rentería, M. (2025). The association of multilingualism with diverse language families and cognition among adults with and without education in India. Neuropsychology, 39(3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000988

Aging in Multilingual

TYG — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 03:45:00 +0000

Multilingualism mystifies me with its modest magic. Being able to share a thought with another through language is already useful, and then to amplify this prowess along a different dimension is nothing short of beautiful. Many researchers have prodded the possibility of multilingual benefits and evidence continues to accrue in favour of these advantages.

One such area is in brain aging, where bilingualism or multilingualism has shown to confer some protection on our cognition. Cognition is what we call our process of learning, experiencing, and thinking (Bayne et al., 2019) and is an area language researchers explore to gauge the effects of languages on our thoughts, thinking, and memories. As with many things, cognition is subject to the less pleasant aspects of aging.

Yet, cognitive reserve, a feature of cognition, is one that may be bolstered by one’s use of languages. Cognitive reserve can be described as the buffer between an intangible thinking and a physical brain that can sustain some cognitive function, despite a crumbling of physical mass. Knowing more than one language, as is in the case of bilingualism, can support cognitive reserve into old age and improve performance compared to those who speak one language (Bialystok, 2021). Bilingualism in earlier life stages may even create a cognitive protective effect that endures into old age (Ballarini et al., 2023). This is concluded from results on tasks or activities and/or through brain structure itself.

How do we measure cognition?